Germination of Wheat and Sorghum-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a Scientific report on Crop Germination of Sorghum and Wheat Crops. Answer: Introduction Seed germination is a key factor that contributes to the production of the crop. Of all the abiotic factors, the temperature is crucial for sorghum and wheat germination since it affects water absorption plus other substrates vital for the growth and development (Chen et al., 2012). Temperature is a modifying substrate in germination since it influences absorption of water through the root hairs and other factors which are necessary for growth and development. Ideally, the optimum temperature provides good aptitude for germination while extreme temperatures delay the rate of germination. According to Essemine et al., (2007) extreme temperatures leads to loss of chlorophyll, damage of the photosynthetic membrane, increased embryo absorption, decreased leaf photosynthetic rate and reduced grain number. In simple terms, low and high temperatures can affect germination of the seed up to its maturity. Hence, this report explores an experiment that was done to investigate the influence of different temperatures on the germination of sorghum and wheat. Method An experiment was done to determine the traits of germination for wheat and sorghum under different temperatures ranging from 5to 400C, and the length of their root hairs measured. The treatments were put in different Petri dishes containing soil for each temperature for the wheat and sorghum seeds and moistened whenever necessary. After germination, the seedlings were uprooted and the root hair measured at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 400C) and the results recorded. The data was analyzed and standard deviation for each case computed Results and Discussion Seed germination is an essential characteristic for both wheat and sorghum which may give an advantage for the crop establishment (Jain et al., 2007). In the experiment, the temperature was an essential factor influencing the rate of germination alongside the length of root hair. In wheat, the highest germination percentage (97.63%) was recorded at a temperature of 200 C and root hair length of 11.31mm. On the other case, sorghum recorded the highest germination percentage (56.32%) at 250C and root hair length of 11.62mm. The results also showed that the lowest percentage of germination was 0.28% and 31.05% at 400C for wheat and sorghum respectively. Throughout the experiment, no specific trend either decreasing or increasing was witnessed for sorghum or wheat. However, it can be noted that the seedlings reached an optimum temperature of 200 C for wheat and 250 C for sorghum and then the percentage of germinated started to decline. The findings in this experiment are in agreeable wit h Chen et al., (2012) that the ideal temperature for wheat germination ranges between 20 and 250 C. It can also be noted that no germination occurred at a temperature of 50 C for wheat and 5 to100 C for sorghum as shown in the table below. Temp (0 C) Root hair length % germination S.D n Wheat 5 10 4.81 78.95 12.06 19 15 10.85 94.74 4.85 19 20 11.31 97.63 3.06 19 25 6.22 63.33 27.76 18 30 4.25 30.83 28.09 18 35 6.02 8.42 16.5 19 40 2.0 0.28 1.15 19 Sorghum 5 10 15 3.82 36.84 22.99 19 20 6.49 52.22 22.83 18 25 11.06 56.32 16.57 19 30 9.01 51.94 15.92 18 35 8.22 53.68 21.78 19 40 4.13 31.05 19.26 19 From the table above, rise in temperature increased the root hair length of the seedlings. The maximum root hair length for wheat was 11.31mm at 200 C and sorghum 11.06mm at 250 C. In this experiment, wheat and sorghum varied significantly for germination as well as related traits. According to Prasad et al., (2008), thermal stress impacts both physiology as well as morphology of the roots which could affect the movement of water in a plant. Also, roots are vital sinks for assimilation in sorghum and wheat. Although remobilization of assimilates happens after photosynthesis, assimilates from the root hairs might supplement the main sources from the stem and leaves (Larkindale et al., 2005). This experiment showed a positive correlation between germination and its related traits. The optimum temperature for the germination of wheat was 20 degrees and 25 degrees for sorghum. Any temperature above the optimum denatures the enzymes hence inhibiting the growth of root hairs which is directly proportional to the germination percentage rate that is, the longer the root hair, the faster the rate of absorption of moisture hence the greater the percentage of germination (Tefera and Vidal, 2009). Conclusion Although many factors determine the rate of germination, the temperature is a fundamental substrate that greatly influences germination. It should be noted that high temperatures denature the enzymes in the root hair hence lower the rate of germination. However, there are optimal temperatures that ensure maximum growth of the root hair hence high germination percentage, so from the experiment above, the optimum temperature for wheat was 20 degrees while sorghum was 25 degrees Celsius. All in all, it can be concluded that the longer the length of root hair is, with optimum temperature, the higher the germination percentage References Buriro, M., Oad, F. C., Keerio, M. I., Tunio, S., Gandahi, A. W., Hassan, S. W. U., Oad, S. M. (2011). Wheat seed germination under the influence of temperature regimes. Sarhad J. Agric, 27(4), 539-543. Chen, L., Song, Y., Li, S., Zhang, L., Zou, C., Yu, D. (2012). The role of WRKY transcription factors in plant abiotic stresses. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1819(2), 120-128. Essemine, J., Ammar, S., Jbir, N., Bouzid, S. (2007). Sensitivity of Two Wheat Speciess Seeds (Triticum durum, Variety Karim and Triticum aestivum, Variety Salambo) to Heat Constraint During Germination. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(21), 3762-3768. Jain, M., Prasad, P. V., Boote, K. J., Hartwell, A. L., Chourey, P. S. (2007). Effects of season-long high temperature growth conditions on sugar-to-starch metabolism in developing microspores of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Planta, 227(1), 67-79. Larkindale, J., Mishkind, M., Vierling, E. (2005). Plant responses to high temperature. Plant Abiotic Stress, 100-144. Prasad, P. V., Pisipati, S. R., Mutava, R. N., Tuinstra, M. R. (2008). Sensitivity of grain sorghum to high temperature stress during reproductive development. Crop Science, 48(5), 1911-1917. Prasad, P. V., Boote, K. J., Allen, L. H. (2006). Adverse high temperature effects on pollen viability, seed-set, seed yield and harvest index of grain-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are more severe at elevated carbon dioxide due to higher tissue temperatures. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 139(3), 237-251. Tefera, T., Vidal, S. (2009). Effect of inoculation method and plant growth medium on endophytic colonization of sorghum by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. BioControl, 54(5), 663-669.