Personnel Management vs Human Resource Management

Personnel Management vs. Human Resource Management Word count 2500| January 30 2012 | HNBS 121 HRM Mr. Nick Pronger Diana Carvalho 09607 | | Self evaluation Prior to starting my assignment, I have researched and assessed various organisations to develop my case study and my choice was based on the proximity to one organisation I currently volunteer. Gathering information from the charity I volunteer was rather easy having access to the date I found it easy to select which information to collect and apply into my assignment.However, I had also provided information based on my personal experience. Through my assignment, I have used varied material sources such as, the lecture handouts, text books, the internet, articles, journals and personal experience. However, the lecture handouts were the most effective and straight forward as I was able to follow the template and apply it into my assignment by giving examples, where as text books had broader information, where I was able to get fu ll extended information but had to do more reading that I would like to in order to gather one aspect of a concept.In addition, my internet research reservations was the accuracy, validity as well as how updated it was, therefore, I looked for definitions rather than theories online, due to the language barrier and English not being my mother tongue, I was required to use dictionaries very often to define certain terms, I was unable to understand otherwise and could undermine further the assignment content and would ultimately lead me to the wrong direction and deliver wrong information.My time management was poor, which I intend to improve on my next assignments in other to give myself the spare time necessary researching, gather relevant information and receiving lecturers’ feedback before submitting my assignments. IntroductionOver the past twenty two years, since the world moved from personnel management, traditionally defined as â€Å"the task of ensuring the optimum us e of human resources to the mutual benefit of the enterprise, each person and the community at large† Armstrong (1997), to embrace human resource management, defined as â€Å"a strategic approach to acquiring, developing, managing, motivating and gaining the commitment of the organisation’s key resource – the people who work in and for it† Armstrong (1997), which functions are primarily concerned with putting â€Å"people first† and at the same time securing management objectives by maximising the ROI (Return on Investment). The manager in HRM is recognised as a holder of an organisation, which achieves organisational objectives through people, therefore, the support of a skilled and motivated workforce to put goals, knowledge and experience into practice, the complementation of efficiency levels can make or break an organisation. Personnel manager’s main job was to ensure that the needs of the workforce as they relate to their immediate conc erns were taken care of, it was more administrative, which included recruitment and selection, payroll, contractual obligations and other administrative tasks.Further, personnel managers typically played the role of mediators between the management and the employees and hence there was always the feeling that personnel management was not in harmony with the objectives of the management and many employers today have no training or knowledge of how to reward and treat employees as the key resource, for developing mutuality by concentrating on fostering their commitment and identification with the organisation through communicating well, involving them in organisational decisions, emphasising management and motivation strategic approach in order to retain them, even though most workplaces increased the importance of these concepts. Research methodology Secondary research * Books; * Articles; * Reports; * Online CIPD In order to acquire these resources I have gone to the Kensington & Ch elsea Library as well the British Library. Research findings In the 70s employment started to develop significantly as shown in figure 1. 1.Personnel techniques developed using theories from the social sciences about motivation through performance appraisal and manpower planning, which included the implementation of organisational behaviour through sophisticated systematic training (under the influence of the training boards), where selection testing became more widely used. Personnel management has gone through a period of major concern about the so-called demographic time bomb, referring to impeding unwelcome shortages of younger people entering the labour market. The recession of the early ‘90’s was affected by this problem, which is still a common place today, and the need to concentrate more on strategies for attracting and retaining high quality staff is just as urgent.The mentality of individualism and unjustifiable greed of the 80’s made way for the spiri t of consent and the value of teamwork as well as the concern for employees who were essential to the operation of the organisation since high commitment was required from these employees please refer to figure 1. 2. Recognition of personnel function as a contribution to bottom-line performance have become a more important strategy where an employer is a business partner sharing responsibility with his employees; the most important assets in an organisation, which their effective management will contribute to organisations’ success and it is most likely to be achieved if policies and procedures are closely linked with the achievement of organisational objectives and strategic plans. The organisational climate and managerial behaviour that originated from corporate culture and values will bring a major influence on the achievement of excellence. Strategic HRM is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organisation in order to imp rove performance† Bratton & Gold (2007) Hestia is an empowering organisation, whom welcomes everyone, especially members a minority background. Human resource management department assists in developing volunteers’ skills through training in order to retain and empower them but as well achieving as Hestia organisational goals through a competence and motivated workforce. Hestia priority is to hire competent workforce and hire the right person for the right job, after that manpower decides about other tangible and intangible resources.Essentially, other resources rely on HRM to plan, organise and monitor human resources. HR department contribution to overall strategy is crucial for Hestia’s ultimate success and effectiveness, from areas ranging from strategic planning to image, the areas in which HR maintains control can enhance Hestias’ perception of the department throughout the workforce, improving Hestia’s essence and running with the knowledge o f how human capital affects organisational success. Strategic management takes part in organisational decision-making which underlies present staffing assessments and projections for future workforce needs based on organisations demand.From a financial perspective, skills and experience are necessary in order to set realistic development structures in regards to wages competition with organisations competing for employees with similar skills, the extensive conduct salary surveys in order to maintain costs in line with the organisation's current financial status and projected revenue, as well as the reduction of costs associated with turnover, attrition and hiring replacement workers, the ability to negotiate group benefit packages for employees, within Hestia’s budget and consistent with economic conditions, the department is also are familiar with employee benefits most likely to attract and retain workers. Under The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 Hestia is boun d to provide safe working conditions and HRM manages and ensures that the organisation complies with the regulations by maintaining accurate work logs and records and developing programs that reduce the number of workplace injuries and incidents by engaging employees in promoting awareness and safe handling of dangerous machinery and hazardous chemicals under The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 1998 legislation.In case of dispute, HRM department investigates and attempts to mediate workplace issues, which unresolved, may escalate and place the Hestia in a legal dispute, which can stain its image as well as compensation pay outs to employees if found accountable. HR assists Hestia achieve high performance, morale and satisfaction levels throughout the employees, by promoting ways of strengthening good working relationships by administering employee opinion surveys, conduct focus groups and seek employee input regarding job satisfaction, also provides training that s upports the company's fair employment practices and employee development to prepare ambitious leaders for supervisory and management positions. They provide guidance to line managers who are not familiar with HR or standard hiring processes and determine the most effective methods for recruiting applicants best suited for Hestia’s needs.In HRM, â€Å"reward refers to all of the monetary, non-monetary and psychological payments that an organisation provides for its employees in exchange for the work they perform† (Bratton & Gold, 2007) â€Å"The average worker dislikes work and avoids it if possible – will only be made to work by control and threats. Carrot and stick approach; use of payments system to provide incentives† McGregor (1960) and its management process designs, implements, and maintains policies and systems in order to assist on organisational strategic plans, which are appointed to improve performance and productivity by attracting talent, ret aining, encouraging a committed and efficient workforce according to their value and contribution to the organisation. The role between managers and HR department leads to effective HRM practices, e. g. , performance appraisals.The success of Hestia’s performance appraisal system depends on the ability of both parties to do their jobs appropriately. HR department develop the system, while line managers provide the actual performance evaluations. Line managers direct employees' day-to-day tasks. From an HRM perspective, line managers are responsible for implementing HRM practices and providing HRM with necessary input for developing effective practices. Managers carry out many procedures and methods devised by HR professionals such as: * Placing the right person on the right job * Starting new employees in the organisation * Training employees for the jobs that are new to them * Improving the job performance of each person Gaining creative cooperation and developing smooth wor king relationships * Interpreting the organisation’s policies and procedures * Controlling labour costs * Developing the abilities of each person * Creating and maintaining department morale * Protecting employees’ health and physical condition * Interview job applicants * Provide and communicate job performance ratings * Recommend salary increases * Carry out disciplinary procedures * Investigate accidents * Settle grievance issues Hestia Legal Framework: Hestia operates policies and practices in line with statutory requirements. The present statutory framework applied includes e. g. , the legislation bellow: Gender: * Code of practice – sex discrimination Code of practice on equal pay * Gender Equality pay – Code of practice of England and Wales Race: * Statutory code of practice on racial equality in employment * Statutory code of practice on the duty to promote race equality * Statutory code of practice on racial equality in housing: England Disabilit y: * The duty to promote equality; statutory code practice: England and Wales * Code of practice: Employment and occupation * Guidance on matters to be taken into account in determining questions relating to the definition of disability Hestia legal and regulatory framework on human resource management has a great impact especially among the minority group.Being a charity assisting people gaining control over their lives, guiding and providing housing support as well as empowering mainly homeless, ex offenders, people mental health and HIV issues, service users get attached to the organisation and tend to volunteer, and in some cases end up getting paid employment within the organisation, therefore, a strong legal framework emphasis, specially confidentiality, it is crucial, due to the nature of service users situation. Motivation is defined as McGregor (1960) stated in, theory Y, the mental process also called as â€Å"Intrinsic motivation† which, is the motivation that come s from the inside of the individual due to self gratification of completing or carrying a task rather than the external factors, such as pay and rewards and theory X; the social process also called as â€Å"Extrinsic motivation† which, is the motivation that comes from the outside of an individual due to external factors, such as pay and rewards being the main gratification, thus tasks are carried and/or completed as a result.Within an organisation different individuals and teams are motivated by different factors, these factors have different levels as shown below on figure 1. 1 on Maslow’s need theory (1954), which suggests that people’s ultimate goal is to fulfil each level of need until self actualisation is satisfied, different ways of motivation, flexibility and commitment as McKenna and Beech (2002, p. 189) suggested such as the â€Å"appropriate management style, competitive compensation package and supportive culture† (cited by Armstrong and Murl is, 1994) will promote organisation success. Some would disagree with Maslow’s theory due to the fact that individuals’ needs vary, e. g. self-actualisation is not imperative to being successful for everybody, or an individual’s needs that are being met at home do not need to be met at the workplace but the theory establishes that ‘higher order needs’ will have to be aligned with rewards and incentives in order to motivate and satisfy and this approach enables organisations to understand the sort of rewards employees need to receive in order to have the following needs met: Training, opportunities for promotion and career progression| Recognition, the chance to make a difference| Staff room, team working opportunities | Health and safety provision, job security| Pay, decent working conditions | Figure. 1. 3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs & the Workplace Figure 1. 4 Herzberg’s Two-Factor TheoryHerzberg’s theory defined Motivators as factors, also called intrinsic rewards which can motivate employees to greater performance and positive attitude by offering job satisfaction of ‘higher-level needs’ associated with recognition, responsibility, achievement and career progression, proven to be effective. Hygiene factors, also called extrinsic rewards, which can only cause dissatisfaction if not fulfilled, needs associated with company policy, pay, working conditions and organisations, must ensure that motivators exit so that employees are satisfied and that hygiene factors are met so that employees are not demotivated. Herzberg’s theory has also been criticised particularly of job satisfaction on work performance â€Å"A satisfied worker is not necessarily a high producer and a high producer is not necessarily and satisfied worker† Armstrong, 2003).The two factor theory, focused mainly on job design, challenge, empowerment, responsibility, recognition and contentment of the work. Based on McClelland theory, high achievers are unlikely to remain in jobs that do not pay them well, reinforcing pay as a hygiene factor but total reward concept, seems to be the most effective in order to motivate employees as it combines extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Most people aim when applying for employment is to secure an income, Taylor approach known as scientific management â€Å"What the workmen want from their employers beyond anything else is high wages, and what employers want from their workmen most of all is low labour cost of manufacture. (Taylor, 1911), his theory, was further explained as instrumental orientation, when people saw work as purely a form of income that may provide them with the opportunity in obtaining the things that the worker really wants, even though they might not necessarily like their job. The essence of scientific management is regarded as efficiency, which is the greatest output per unit of input, and workers get good rates of pay based on their p roductivity, demonstrating that output was influenced on other factors other than pay, although the size of income will impact on employees’ standard of living, most employees are mostly concerned with earning enough income to meets their needs, and know that their pay is fair in comparison with others, where legislation come into play under the equality Act 2010, the employment rights Act 1996 and the national Min wage Act 1998.Job evaluation is a systematic assessment of the respective worth of various jobs within organisations or industries in order to determine relationships between jobs and establish an internal outlook and design impartial wage rates structure and managing view. It is concerned with the internal outlook, which is, employees doing the same kind of work, receive the equal rewards. Job evaluation quantifies differences between jobs and lays them into groups and ranking order and can be categorised as follows: Scheme | Characteristics | Advantages| Disadvan tages | Factor comparison| Each job is compared individually in turn with all others being evaluated.Points awarded according to whether the job is more, less or equally demanding than the jobs with which it is being compared, points are added to determine the rank order and the scores are analysed and discussed. | Easier to compare a job with one other job than with whole range of jobs. | It neither explains why one job is more important than the other nor assesses differences between them. | Points rating| Separate factors are scored to produce overall points. | Consistency in judgement is assisted by having defined factor levels. Considered the best system in equal value. | Complex to maintain. Objectivity is apparent, subjective judgement required to rate jobs of different factors. Ranking| Whole job comparisons made to place them in order of importance| Simple, cheap, and easy to understand| Complex, whilst determining middle range jobs, and bias whilst assessing of the perform ance of the employee rather than the job itself| Job classification| Job grades defined and slotted into grades by comparing the whole job description with the grade definition| Simple, judgment is provided in the shape of grade definitions | Difficult to fit complex jobs into a grade without using elaborate grade definitions. | Competence & skill grading| Jobs placed in grades in accordance with level of competence/skill| Based on one input factor. Direct pay structure. Non-analytical, difficult to differentiate clearly between competence/skills levels. | Other factors determining pay Competence and skill analysis: Employee’s competence relevance to the needs of the organisation based on operational significance. External systems: when examining job evaluation is not longer the direct consideration where rewards is concerned, eternal market and environment conditions are of greater importance. A large number of employers have taken steps to move away from collective bargaini ng systems to a more individualised reward system. Performance related pay is a good example of this, which is a payment that takes into account the quality of performance instead of being related to a wage grade.External competiveness associated with a job evaluation scheme is a issue in determining rewards and this is evident when organisations adopt market driven reward systems where the rate for the jobs reflects the rate required to attract rather than being based on a payment that is undermined by an internal grading structure. Market rates of pay system: the collection of data on the pay rates for similar jobs with competition to establish their market rate and track movements in those rates. The aim is to assist set the organisation’s own pay rates at the suitable level in order to recruit and retain the staff. Although the concept of a market rate for a job is fairly common, there is no such thing as an accurate or scientific single rate of pay for a job or role, and rates may vary even for the same occupation and in the same location.A central decision relates to how the data will be interpreted, and for this organisations need to consider where they wish to position their pay levels in relation to the market – for example at the median or the upper quartile level of pay in the external labour market. Most organisations use pay surveys to get current and updated pay rate and the sources of information on market rates include: Published data from paid surveys and similar organisations give indication of going rates, it is limited because of problems in comparing like with like, but can help with periodic reality checks on levels and movements, and are valuable sources of data on specific occupations or localities. Pay clubs of employer groups that regularly exchange information on pay levels. These only allow participants access to the data.Special surveys launched by individual organisations from specialist pay consultancies but access is limited to the contractor and participants. Consultants’ pay databases containing data collected on a systematic or ad hoc basis which they relate to the results of their job evaluation schemes to compare pay rates across organisations on a common basis: this ability is one of the attractions of job evaluation to many organisations. To be viable it is important that the factors measure common job/role characteristics and can enable comparisons to be made across different jobs/roles and organisations; the data is based on an adequate sample; and the job analyses are carried out systematically and conscientiously.Market rates of pay will vary on supply and demand in the open market, factors such as: 1. Relative scarcity of particular skills 2. Sensitivity of employees to pay, as it may or may not be an incentive 3. Affordability 4. Culture and value system 5. Bargaining (trade union) 6. Government intervention Internal comparison: It is possible to use job evaluation as a wa y of matching jobs to enable market pricing to take place (although other approaches also exist to comparing jobs, as detailed below). However, there are certain tensions between job evaluation and market pricing approaches. Job evaluation has an internal focus as it ranks jobs and their relative mportance within an organisation – whereas the main focus of market pricing is external as it aims to compare the pay rate for an organisation’s jobs with those in the wider labour market. Employers may need to seek resolutions to such tensions if they wish to ensure that pay rates remain both internally equitable and externally competitive. For example, where higher earnings are commanded in the external market for a particular position than justified by an internal job evaluation exercise, one approach would be to use temporary market supplements to top up earnings for that role as necessary. Hestia aims to be a learning organisation with cultures of continuous improvement a nd staff development.To achieve this aim Hestia is committed to supporting everyone who works for the organisation to develop their professional skills and to achieve their full potential and that is achieved by rewarding and enhancing the contribution employees make to assist Hestia achieve their goals. The process is implemented through policies such as the work based learning policy, which is defined as any on-going and continuous activity that contributes to the development needs of the individual, team and organisation, where the responsibility for work based learning is that of the individual workers supported the line manager. These learning needs will be indentified and the objectives set at the following levels: Level| When set | Objectives set by|Individual| * Induction: when a new workers starts, or an existing worker transfers to a new post * Supervision: when learning needs will be identified to achieve job requirements, or, a requirement to improve performance has been identified * Appraisal: when longer term development learning needs are identified| * Individual & Line Manager| Team| * To enable the team to meet recommendations made by external stakeholders, e. g. CSCI, NOMS, Supporting People * To implement identified efficiency improvements * To implement changes to local working practice| * Project/Department Manager through annual team development team | Organisational | * Implement changes to organisational strategy *Ensure compliance with new, or changes to legislation * To implement the reorganisation of management or work practices | * Corporate management Team| Classification of Work Based Learning Needs: Core| Specialist | Professional| * Essential for all workers e. g. health and safety, induction, implementation of organisational changes| * To meet requirements of specialised work within different projects at a central team or individual level| * Link to relevant national occupational standards recognise the diversity of the work un dertaken within Hestia | | | | Professional Development Fund & Loans – This where Hestia invites employees without outstanding disciplinary actions whom passed their probationary period to apply for funding for a course lasting no longer than two years.Hestia commits to contribute up to a maximum of 50% of the cost of the course fees, which may be recovered if the applicant does not complete the course, or leaves the organisation within completing the course. In addition, Hestia will give an interest-free professional development loan of a relevant extended course, which the Human Resource Manager will determine whether or not the course is relevant. Study Leave & Day Release – Up to five days study leave per year can be agreed where an employee is studying a relevant course. The line manager will determine course relevancy and potential for disruption within the working team and where it does not does not disrupt, Hestia will allow paid day release for employees to at tend extended courses in a relevant area of work.The line manager will need to ensure that the cost of relief staff is within the budget and the Corporate Services Director must approve to the leave and budget release. Evaluation of Work Based Learning Activity – costs and benefits are evaluated in order to assess how effective work based learning activities have been in meeting organisational aims and objectives. The evaluation process is undertaken at a variety of different levels and the output is used to: validate the core plan for the previous year, identify any learning from evaluation that needs to be incorporated into following years core learning plan. Evaluation Level| Undertaken By| Timescales|Individual| Individual and Line Manager| * Immediately after activity (individual) * Two months after learning (line manager)| Team| Line Manager| * Annual to be completed by project/dept manager | Organisational| Corporate Management Team| * Annual to be completed by Human R esources | â€Å"A sample was selected using a random sampling procedure. Population frames were developed based upon geographic regions. A random selection was made of two or three offices within each sales region. A package of the appropriate number of surveys was then sent to each of the selected offices. Further, it was decided that questionnaires would be sent to each of the 75 district managers, regardless of whether their office had been selected for the study. Therefore, 100% of the district managers, 25. 2 1% of the sales mangers and 25 . 4% of the sales agents were surveyed for a total sample size of 534. † Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. Willingness To Increase Productivity On a 7-point scale anchored by â€Å"no additional effort at all† and â€Å"a great deal of additionaleffort,† respondents were asked to indicate how much additional effort they would be willing to exert in order to achieve each in centive reward. Their responses are displayed on the right. They were most willing to exert extra effort for cash, followedby sales conference trips and personal vacationtrips, respectively. These differences are statistically significant. Motivational EffectRespondents were asked to indicate on a 7 -point scale ranging from â€Å"motivating† to â€Å"not motivating,† their reaction to each of the incentives. When simply examining the â€Å"motivating† response category, sales conferences had the highest rating. Almost 65% indicated that they found the reward motivating. This was followed by cash and personal vacation trips, respectively. One of the objectives of the present study was to examine differences in levels of organizational commitment between employees who had received an incentive award in the past two years and those who had not. These two groups are referred to as recipients and non-recipients.In this analysis, only the achievement of cash, merchan dise and conference trip awards were considered. As illustrated in the graph on the right, the two groups differed in their levels of organizational commitment. Therecipients indicated higherlevels of organizationalcommitment than did the non – recipients. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant. â€Å"The three recipient groups were then compared in terms of their levels of organizational c commitment. The cash recipients indicated the highest level, followed by merchandise and conference recipients, respectively. † Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. The returned questionnaires provided valuable information regarding the effectiveness of the incentive rewards at the Company. The findings indicated that: * Sales conferences and personal vacation trips were the most attractive incentive rewards to the respondents. * Travel rewards were followed in attractiveness by cash, merchandise, recognition and status awards, respectively. These findings suggest that in terms of attractiveness, travel rewards were superior to the other incentive options. However, when asked to indicate how much additional effort they would be willing to exert in order to achieve each of the incentives, the respondents were most willing to exert extra effort to achieve cash, followed by sales conference trips and personal vacation trips. Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. Hestia Competence-based appraisal The appraisal is a two-way meeting between employees and the line manager once employees have completed the probation with Hestia. Pos probation period, it is several months until the annual appraisal, employees will be set a work-based and development plan following his/her probation review The annual meeting will usually take place each June/July to provide the employees the opportunity to: * Express how employees have performed in the previous year and to provide examples of how employees have met their outcomes and core competencies. Receive constructive feedback from the line manager on how employees have been performing, both to recognise and assure employees in what they are doing well and to guide them in their on-going work performance and continuous professional development * Discuss how employees are working through a competence-based review, * Identifying learning and development needs and agree the resources they require meet those needs, and * Agreeing relevant and realistic outcomes to achieve over the next twelve months At the end of the meeting employees should develop and work-based development plan which will be signed off by the line manger and reviewed (or possibly amended in light of changes) regularly through the year during employees supervisions.Employees appraisal plan will be review and signed by a a second line manager for consistency and to provide any additional comments. Timeline (Appendix 5) Conclusio n The present analysis was undertaken to answer the question of the value of rewards as motivators for employees. Intrinsic motivational factors have been found to be significant, in both the presence of Hestia’s training scheme and in its absence, this finding of the motivational importance of intrinsic factors within the organisation. Intrinsic rewards dominate extrinsic. Extrinsic motivators do play a role, but not to the extent that classical agency theory suggests a people are motivated by non-economic rewards.In addition, the importance of intrinsic motivators highlights the importance of context in the motivation of staff. It is through the organisation that employees are able to work with clients whom witness their successes, achieve a good work/life balance and have fun at work. Appendixes Figure 1. 1 Employment development Figure 1. 2 Referencing McKenna, E. , Beech, N. (2002) Human Resource Management a concise analysis. England. Armstrong, M. (1991) A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice. London BPP, (2010) Human Resource Management. London Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. NY. Available from: [30/01/2012]

Adolescents How Society Affects Them

As we all already know that adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood, generally referring to a period ranging from age 11 and 19. Adolescence has many psychological and social stages, as well as biological. Because it is filled with constant changes and uncertainty, the risks of losing the sight of the right path is quite high. Let me talk about how and who affects them.As children grow, develop, and move into early adolescence, involvement with one's peers increases. In order to be included in a group of friends they are easily swayed to do something wrong.They are faced with decisions to try new things, such as drugs, changing fashion, slang words, alcohol, sex etc.   The use of drugs by teenagers is the result of a combination of factors such as peer pressure, curiosity, and availability (Cotterell, 135).   Peers are the ones who most frequently initiate one another into drug use.Family members are the most important source of peer pressure. I bel ieve family is the most influential foundation for several reasons. For one, peer pressure is encountered first at home. The mother and father play the biggest role in our lives because they teach their children right from wrong.For example, as a child my parents would always warn me about a girl whom I hung out with and lived in my neighborhood. They advised me a million times to not associate with her because they thought she was â€Å"bad news.†Similarly, religious institutions are another great source of influence. The young adults that participate in religious institutions, come from families which are not into drugs, alcohol, violence, or any sort of crime. So the effects these religious institutions have are great on young people in society.Religious adolescents can encourage one another to be successful in school, sports, and other activities. In my own past experiences when growing up, the people I have chosen as friends weren’t always the coolest, or craziest , but they were always good for their word. These types of friends are valuable for positive peer pressure and are important to keep.Friends, as it is seen, are a major source of peer pressure that one encounters when growing up. I believe from past experiences, friends have the strongest influence on us.   The effects from our friends can sometimes be really good or truly bad.If one friend brings the bottle to the hang out and tells another teen to try it because it is â€Å"so cool,† he or she will experiment with it not knowing what effects it can lead to. One of the reasons that our society finds it difficult to handle teen’s drug use is because adolescent culture does not consist of â€Å"one uniform, homogeneous group.† (Miller, 107).Teens and children are also having sex at a young age because most of their friends may be doing the same thing.   They want to fit in and be part of the â€Å"in-crowd† so they will not follow what they feel is rig ht and so they will take part in sexual behavior in order to be â€Å"cool.†Sex is just one issue that adolescents are faced with. Consumption of alcohol is another factor that can lead to bad decisions based on the friendships that they make.Choosing the friends one hangs out with can sometimes be difficult.   Even though we know what is right from wrong we still have the tendency to do the wrong thing.Even though there are a lot of negative effects from friend’s influences, there are just as many positive effects too. I believe the right friends can push one to doing the right things such as belonging to a soccer team or joining the band club.In conclusion, peer pressure is always surrounding us and affecting us. Our friends, family members, and religious institutions are the main sources in which peer pressure comes from.With the proper guidance and right choice of friends, one will not have any trouble with life’s difficult decisions, and will hopefully do the right thing when faced with difficult problems. Adolescence is a powerful time in one's life with an array of chances to ruin a bright future, so I guess forewarned is forearmed.ReferencesCotterell, John.   Social Networks and Social Influences in Adolescence.   New York:   Thomson.   1996.Miller, Michelle, Alberts, Jess, Hecht, Jess, and Robert Krizek.   Adolescent Relationships and Drug Use.   London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.   2000.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism. Retrieved from http://www.niaaa.nih.gov

Appendix E: Racial Formation

University of Phoenix Material Appendix E Part I Define the following terms: |Term |Definition | |Racial formation | | | |Too look at a race as a socially constructed identity. | |Segregation |Setting apart or separating things or people and may refer to. |De jure segregation | | | |Segregation or isolation of individual from main group that Is imposed by law | |Pluralism |A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious, or cultural groups are present and | | |tolerated within society | |Assimilation |The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs attitude of the prevailing | | |culture. |Part II Answer the following questions in 150 to 350 words each: †¢ Throughout most of U. S. history in most locations, what race has been the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? It shows that the whites were the majority group threw out history, also it was deemed by the color of your skin also meaning if you had ligh ter looking skin the you were consider to be white , but if you had the darker looking color of skin then you were deemed to be of a different race. †¢ What are some of the larger racial minorities in U. S. history? What have been the common ancestral backgrounds of each of these groups?When did each become a significant or notable minority group? Hispanics really outnumber the African Americans as the largest minority group in Us history for the first time and that’s when the government starting counting the nations population more than two centuries ago. The Census Bureau’s confirmed a symbolic milestone for a nation whose history has been mainly black and white racial dynamics. They also said that it is adding a new dimension to everything from product making to politics learning the about their ethnic background. http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/census/2003-06-18-Census_x. htm †¢ †¢ In what ways have laws been used to enforce discriminati on? Provide examples.These laws were intended against which racial minorities? Professor Gates from Harvard University was arrested by police investigating a possible break in at his own house. A lot of the Harvard faculty thought it was racial profiling. Again another incident was another Professor Counter which is in neuroscience, was almost arrested by Harvard Security in 2004 after being mistaken for robbery suspect as he crossed the Harvard Yard, Security officers threatened him to be arrested when he couldn’t produce his identification badge. Both professor are thinking that black men are being targeted by the Cambridge police department. http://www. boston. com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/07/harvard. html In what ways have laws been used to eliminate discrimination? Provide examples. Did the laws work to eliminate discrimination? This country has taken a huge step forward and has accepted some new changes and the remaining have not adapted to change. For example wher e at one time it was okay to discriminate against race, for its wrong today, but yet we are more accepting Bisexuals/Homosexuals to our country, instead of pushing them away. So now we are accepting gay marriage, and then we have others who do not. So what this is saying is laws are helping to change but not eliminate it, and that will take some time to do and a shift in culture and society. Lindsey Metzler

Risk management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management - Research Paper Example Demand for transparency has increased and expectations are rising for companies to evaluate report and improve their environmental, social, and economic performance. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) does not have intricate definition. According to McWilliams and Siegel (2001) â€Å"actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law† (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001, p. 117). CSR is more than compliance with the law. Frooman (1997) exemplifies CSR as â€Å"An action by a firm, which the firm chooses to take, that substantially affects an identifiable social stakeholder’s welfare† (Frooman, 1997 p.227). In the light of these definitions, CSR can be viewed as a comprehensive set of rules, practices, programs, and policies that are incorporated into supply chain, business operations, and decision-making processes of the company. CSR usually include community investment, business ethics, governance, envi ronmental concerns, human rights, workplace, as well as the market place. When it comes to Business performance, this is an area where companies pay great deal of attention since it provides integral information about the success and position of the company as well as development and future standpoint. All business operations, in one way or other, revolve around the targeted goal of an organization that is contributing to the success of the business. Business performance provides a neutral description of the efficiency and effectiveness of the company’s action. It can be characterized with attributes such as poor or well. Business performance is considered as vital area of interest for the top management of firm. Several elements contribute to the success or failure of the company. CSR is one such variable that contributes to the well-being, reputation, and financial performance of the company. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of CSR practices on firm’s perfo rmance. A critical analysis of prior literature conducted in the same field will be provided in order to evaluate the causal relationship between the two variables. Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Financial Performance Ways in which companies implement practices of corporate social responsibility differs from one another. These differences are based on factors such as respective industry involved, size of company, demands of stakeholders, business culture of the firm, and historical progress of company while dealing with CSR. Numbers of studies have been conducted in order to test the relationship between ethical and social performance of corporation and its impact on financial performance. Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, (2012) conducted a study to investigate the determinants of CSR and its implications on the organizational strategy, investment policy, and performance of the business. Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, (2012) found that firms having higher R &D intensity, better performance and financial health are more likely to engage in Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) activities, whereas riskers firms are less likely to involve in such activities (Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, 2012). Stanwick, and Stanwick, (1998) conducted a study to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility of a business with financial perform

The Trio Sonata in the Baroque Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Trio Sonata in the Baroque Period - Essay Example Trio Sonata is an instrumental piece [consisting] of two, three, or four successive movements of different character, which has one or more melody parts, with only one player to a part [i.e., "einfach" as against Mattheson's "stark," for multiple performance of the parts; Cf. SBE 25]. Depending on the number of concertante, melody parts that it has, a sonata is described as [being] à   solo, à   due, à   trà ©, etc. Clearly, in no form of instrumental music is there a better opportunity than in the sonata to depict feelings without [the aid of] words. The symphony [and] the overture has a more fixed character. The form of a concerto seems designed more to give a skilled player a chance to be heard against the background of many instruments than to implement the depiction of violent emotions. Aside from these [forms] and the dances, which also have their special characters, there remains only the form of the sonata, which assumes [any or] all characters and every [kind of] express ion. By [means of] the sonata the composer can hope to produce a monologue through tones of melancholy, grief, sorrow, tenderness, or delight and joy; or maintain a sensitive dialogue solely through impassioned tones of similar or different qualities; or simply depict emotions [that are] violent, impetuous, and [sharply] contrasted, or light, gentle, fluent, and pleasing. To be sure, [even] the weakest composers have such goals in the making of sonatas, among the weakest [being] the Italians and those who imitate them. The sonatas of the present-day Italians are characterized by a bustle of sounds succeeding each other arbitrarily without any other purpose than to gratify the insensitive ear of the layman, [and] by sudden, fantastic transitions from the joyous to the mournful, from the pathetic to the flirtatious, without our getting what the composer wants [to say]. And if the performance of these [sonatas] engages the fancy of a few hotheads, the heart and imagination of every lis tener of taste or understanding will still remain completely untouched. A large number of easy and hard keyboard [i.e., clavichord] sonatas by our Hamburg [Emanuel] Bach show how character and expression can be brought to the sonata. The majority of these are so communicative ["sprechend"] that one believes [himself] to perceive not tones but a distinct speech, which sets and keeps in motion our imagination and feelings. Unquestionably, to create such sonatas requires much genius [and] knowledge, and an especially adaptable and alert sensibility. But they also

OPIM 302 - Management Information Systems - Mini Project Essay

OPIM 302 - Management Information Systems - Mini Project - Essay Example There will be new clients who will want to book the hotels in the future (Connolly, & Begg, 2005). The most common data types that are common in the database are date because there are various date values that will need to be added to the database. There will also be string values. This will be with values like the address of the client, the names, and the destination or career. Another common data types that will be stored in the database is the integer which will be used to store currency values. There will be a need to store the fees that will be paid by the clients (Prescott, & McFadden, 2007). There will be various reports that will be run on the database. These reports include the number of clients in the hotel I one month or the number of passengers who travelled to a particular country. There could be also the report on the number of patients who were discharged in a certain period (Rud, 2009). There will be integrity constraints. This is because there will be various forms of currencies which will be entered. The values could be in one currency like the USD to avoid mix up of values. Sometimes the dollars that have been added could be not be the actual currency. Some clients could have money in other currencies which are not supported by the system. The database helps the organization gain competitive advantage as data mining will help understand the trends of the clients. They will act according to their reports. They will understand what the clients want and what is frequented by these

Privacy Concerns of Sensor Networks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Privacy Concerns of Sensor Networks - Coursework Example This is necessary to protect the privacy of all involved. Information that is sent over the networks may be modified by hackers, rendering it unavailable. The time synchronization of sensor networks may also be thwarted by adversaries by masquerade attacks, replay attacks, and delay attacks. (Bojkovic, 2008, pp. 107, 112). An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is one way of combating threats. The IDS protects the WSN by monitoring it, alerting the user that an attack has occurred and reconfiguring the network and marking the root of the malicious problem. The IDS works either by preventing known attacks by matching attack signatures against the monitored system, or by anomaly detection, in which anomalies in data profiles are identified. The first of these solutions have the drawback of not recognizing new attacks; the second has the drawback of creating a high number of false alarms. One of the problems with sensor networks is the risk of data misrepresentation, as all relevant information is impossible to gather in the sensornet environment, as all data that is collected represents data from a discrete time and space, hence it might be taken out of context. Also, the readings are only approximate for the same reason – that the data collected represent the state of the world at a particular time and space, which is the time and space where the samples were acquired. Therefore, the accuracy of the data that is acquired is subject to misrepresentation and inaccuracies even in situations where security is not compromised.

The role of dalogue in an organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The role of dalogue in an organization - Essay Example To retain and maintain competitiveness, organizations are increasingly faced with the task of maintaining dialogue. Organizations have to get agile and creative as they meet their communication needsIn many cases, organizational communication becomes unsustainable, and it tends to be less interactive, less inquiry, less listening, and more talking. This provides minimum room for accommodating opposingDialogue is a means of constructively dealing with opposition and conflicts. Classical diplomacy spheres dictate the needs for dialogue and negotiation skills, which form the basic repertoire in prudent management (Gergen & Barrett, 2008, p. 5). This essay highlights the role of dialogue in organizations, and it is tied to the group project-Organizational Communication Analysis, which has two parts. It aims to report on the findings from small-scale organizational communication evaluation.Organizations incorporate networks of relationships that are broken down to interpersonal interactio ns; hence communication frequently occurs in the organization. Communication is vital in organizations. For instance, people resist change because they believe their concerns and ideas lack audience. When people get the notion that there exist effective communication, and their ideas and concerns have an audience, the resistance fades or dissolves even though the ideas lack in the final resolutions (Jong & Ping, 2005, p.3). Dialogue has its roots from native traditions, and contemporary varieties of talking and spiritual circles. It allows for the creation and flow of meaning between people.

The First and Second World Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First and Second World Wars - Essay Example The French stance acted only as humiliation to Germany in many ways rather than creating a comity of the European States. The Treaty of Versailles which was viewed as a step towards stability in the international system became one of the underlying reasons for the Second World War. Peace was attained, but irrefragably for a short-term only. In contrast to the French response, the United States reaction after the Second World War was sangfroid to a greater extend. The American demands had very long-term results. Though it can be stated that both nations aimed to create a secure and war free enviromnent, the US was far more successful in this course, keeping Germany under check without deprivation of dignity. As France chaired the peace conference after World War I, it viewed Germany as the country responsible for the war and the destructions caused by it. The Treaty of Versailles was therefore advanced as a punishment to Germany. The Germans signed the treaty but proposed some adjustments. Although Germany never admitted a defeat, the humiliation caused to it because of the treaty and the strong urge to escape such bonds lead to the reasons of settling scores. The tactic France was using to establish peace, or its effort to strip Germany off, of any military power it had left to act against France in the future, did not succeed in the manner the French wanted. Keynes and the other critics of his likes were eager to criticize the treaty and the policies it laid down against Germany, still Clemenceau and many other French wanted a deliberate imposition of such policies to deform Germany of any sort of political, economic and military influences. The justifications France gave were that of the economic reconstruction. Despite any efforts, even if not pointed towards the right direction, to maintain peace, equilibrium of power within the nations was again disturbed and thus came the rise of the Nazis, lead by Hitler. It is deemed that the work of the British writer Keynes had provided German supporters all the arguments they needed against the reconstruction efforts of the Versailles Treaty. Justifications were passed out by the Germans that they should not have to pay for anything. And eventually came the Second World War. The United States Congress was uncomfortable with the Treaty of Versailles and did not approve it. They were of the opinion that the vindictive attitude of the French would eventually cause the Germans to react in aggressive manner, which ultimately they did. The Second World War is the largest and the most violent war in the history of humankind. During the war, the United States was in a far better strategic position, being a powerful state. By the end of war, the United States and the USSR inclined as two greatest powers of the world. Again, the misbalance in the equilibrium of power resulted in the great Cold War era. After the Second War, Marshall Plan was introduced as part of the European Recovery Program. Unlike the Treaty of Versailles, Marshall Plan was able to adopt a more justified approach in the distribution of resources. The United States was in a far better position than the French ever were after the first war. It was not only able to provide Europe with a secure reform plan, but also gained trust of the Europeans without taking material advantages of the situation. The United

Accident Victim Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accident Victim Interview - Essay Example ample are respiratory disorders that are ailments allied to inhaling lethal biological chemicals, agents, gases, dust, fume or vapors at work(Reese 2008). Others include disorders contracted from poisoning by non standard dilutions of toxic matters in blood, other bodily fluids, other tissues or the inhalation that are triggered by the absorption or ingestion of toxic bodies into the human body. This paper will illustrate an interview with a victim of an occupational illness. On December 20, 2011, about 11:56 p.m., Graham John sustained serious, but non-fatal, injuries to his arms and legs when he was transporting coal. This took place when an eastbound transportation coal train consisting of 2 locomotives and 100 cars laden with coal, unsettled the lead 22 automobiles at signpost 12.9 on the Old Main Line Section in Ellicott City, Maryland. Seven of the 22 tumbled into an open bay area 15 feet beneath track level at the northern side. Other laden coal cars engaged in the derailment upended, dribbling their matter alongside the northern side of the trajectory (Reese 2008). The nature of his injuries with disabling condition included a sprained back, several cuts on some fingers and the arms, and a broken leg. The sprained back and broken leg was a result of the motion impacted when the derailment occurred, while the laceration on the fingers and the arms was due to the broken glasses shattered all round (Reese 2008). Graham’s injuries made him take a leave of absence from work for about two months. During the two months, Graham underwent a rehabilitation process for one month to aid him with the treatment and recovery from the ordeal. Some of the activities he undertook included therapist sessions and exercise sessions for the sprained back and the broken leg (Reese 2008). In conclusion, OSHA has standards that define certain types of accidents that should be reported to OSHA within 8 hours of their occurrence. They include all work fatalities, all cases

Songs comparison assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Songs comparison - Assignment Example On the other hand, Lenny Kravitz approach in the song American Woman implements the use of soft rock in the absence of solo guitars. It is arguable that the modern artist’s approach sought to incorporate the Rock genre to the RnB version. After listening to the songs critically, it is known that Lenny’s version developed a dilemma as the artist contested against being with an American woman while still wooing her. The latest version of the song indicates the advanced culture of individualism and independence in the female gender. Therefore, the two versions in â€Å"Rock† and â€Å"Soft Rock† versions create an atmosphere of male chauvinism towards the end of the songs. Arguably, any listener can judge on the point by paying critical attention towards the end whereby both artists highlight their discontent perception of marrying the American women with their current cultural practices. In conclusion, the two versions provoke the listener to judge that the female gender acquired employment opportunities and economic empowerment; hence, any willing suitors perceived the changes for

A Red, Red Rose Essay Example for Free

A Red, Red Rose Essay Robert Burns wrote â€Å"A Red, Red Rose† and edited by Peter Urbani. It was first in printed in 1794 in A Selection of Scots Songs. This was shown in ballad stanzas because it was composed with four – line stanzas or quatrains, having alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines which emphasized that the first and third lines of each stanza had four stressed syllables, or beats whereas the second and fourth lines had three stressed syllables. The line of this poem â€Å"Thats sweet / ly playd / in tune† was an example of iambic meter in which the first syllable was unstressed and the second was stressed. The implication of this poem was about the thoughts and descriptions of love in a way that exceeded beyond the non – literary sources from which the verse was drawn. The poet first similarly declared his love in a blooming rose in spring and then in a melody â€Å"sweetly play’d in tune. † For me, these similes indicated the beauty and happiness of being in love. The metaphor â€Å"sands o’ life† pointed out the eternal nature of the writer’s love that explained the extent of his love. There were much imagery mentioned here like the color red that meant love and passion and the exquisite image of the rose was represented by the recapitulation of the color â€Å"red. † The word â€Å"Newly Sprung† intended for his sincere and great love. As I analyzed this piece, I obtained the knowledge and information about the true meaning of love. The way he illustrated his love, I observed that for him it was precious and worth keeping for. Burns also declared that once we felt love and it was true, it must be for a lifetime. â€Å"Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun†, meant that no matter how far or near the lovers were, love will always be there and stays forever. The entire logic of this poem is about the unconditional love that he can offer to the one he used to love. The true love in a sensible way was being illustrated by John Frederick Nims in his poem entitled â€Å"Love Poem. † The love that was impossible and unreachable was also the idea being shown by this sonnet. The essence of sticking to the one you love regardless of his imperfect qualities was the theme of this poem. From the metaphors in Nim’s piece, he brought to reality the figure of a very clumsy individual. â€Å"All devotion, at your knees meant that despite of that unpleasant quality, she was so beautiful, charming and refine. Her good qualities were the reason why those who knew her keep her. From the lines â€Å"So gayly in loves unbreakable heaven/Our souls on glory of spilt bourbon float, it characterized that even clumsiness wouldn’t affect his love. The line â€Å"Their souls float on spilt bourbon†, which proved that they were happy with the presence of her fault. The metaphor in the line Be with me darling early and late, meant that they must stayed together during their youth and when they became old. The meaning of this line â€Å"Her hands, which shipwreck vases,/At whose quick touch all glasses chip and ring, showed the gracefulness of people. , and should your hands drop white and empty/All the toys of the world would break, described that the things she did using her hands wouldn’t fade away but will still remain and unreplacable. There were also symbolic images like my clumsiest dear, chip and ring, bull in china and a bur in linen† that showed the partnership of appreciation and condemnation. But in the stanza â€Å"The refugee uncertain at the door/you make at home†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (6 – 7) he commended the quality of his lover as a charitable one. Nevertheless, the whole idea of this poem was about the exposition of the girl he loved, her positive and negative side. He wanted to share the readers that in loving a person, we must adore his good qualities and love them despite of flawed qualities. The two poems are the same in iambic meter and in quatrains. The tone of both writers as they convey their feelings on their loved one’s shows that they are so much in love with love. They are so sincere in expressing their affection and passion towards their lovers with no hesitation and no limitation. When it comes to the voice according to the writers, I can see that Burns is so fascinated to his lover. All the things that he can see are all beautiful and the way he promises his love is so precious for him. As we go deeper beyond the meaning of the poem, the author doesn’t mind the negative traits of his lover nor mentions his flaws. Nevertheless, Burns only indicates how big his love is for the girl whom he loved. Moreover, how he promises that he can offer and sacrifice a lot for the fulfillment of his love. While, Nims obviously starts his poem in a different way. He shows the negative side of his lover. He even mentions the wrong impressions toward his girl. He doesn’t even bother to cover up the flaws of the one he loves instead of covering, he exposes the blemishes of his lover. However, the author doesn’t mean that he just wants to intimidate his girl but proudly tell the whole world and all the readers that despite of her flaws and shortcomings, he loved her so much. Now the difference of the two poems when it comes to declaring the love for their special someone is that the first author loves without looking or even mentioning the flaws of his girl or loving the person unconditionally while the latter explains how to love by accepting the reality that a person has the negative and positive characteristics. The symbols or images use in both poems also differ. Burns uses similes that focus on the natural resources like rose, music, seas, sun, sands, and rocks. For me, it implies that the author is a nature lover. He shares to the readers that when we are in love, the beauty of the things that surrounds us are all that we can see and appreciate and it gives a happy feeling. While, Nims uses metaphors where in the center idea is about the things or toys that can cause noise and to the things that we usually use everyday like vases, glasses, bulls, burs, dime and toys. In here, he shows the poem as if it is in a movie or in a story telling type. He details what are the happenings and how he accepts the flaws of the one he loves. For me, this poem is so interesting because he directs the readers to the exact situation of the things that are happening to him. He never hides the flaws of his girl maybe because the true meaning of this poem is about acceptance. According to my evaluation, accepting the weaknesses of the one he loves will show the true meaning of love. We don’t have to hide the imperfections of our loved ones because if we learn to love and accept them despite of the blemishes of the one we use to love, I think the power of love will strongly manifest and can’t be broken or shaken easily. But for me, both poems are so interesting and appealing. In reality, there are two kinds of lovers. The first one is the one who doesn’t see the negative side of the person that he used to love because he is blinded by his love while the other one is that he sees first the weaknesses of his lover and then learn to love that person. Both kind of love is passionate and ideal. Learning how to love though in different ways depends upon the person but we must love unconditionally, fervently, without hesitation and reservation, with acceptance and forgiveness, and by showing it through actions and words. Works Cited Burns, Robert â€Å"A Red, Red Rose† http://www. poemhunter. com/poem/a-red-red-rose/ Nims, John Frederick â€Å"Love Poem† http://www. poemhunter. com/poem/love-poem/

Facebook And Google Ads Advertising Methods Marketing Essay

Facebook And Google Ads Advertising Methods Marketing Essay Introduction We have identified the current online advertising methods applicable to e-commerce. We have conducted a research on the internet by using search engines to identify the latest advertising methods. We have discussed these online advertising methods. We have found 3 online advertising methods. There are Banner and Popup advertising methods, Content Provider advertising methods and Online Marketplace. We have also state the advantage and disadvantage of online advertising methods, the definition of online advertising methods. Online advertising is an advertising method through online to share their product and information to public. This can be legal and illegal according to the law. But online advertising have a very fast efficient and speed because people everyday using computer to search out what is the news. We have few example and we give the definition, advantage and disadvantage. We share banner advertising methods, popup advertising method, Google ads advertising method and Face book advertising method. This few methods bring us much benefit and this makes us have a easier life style. This also helps a lot of business to make their product more popular. Banner Advertising Methods Banner advertising method is defined as a web banner or banner ads are a form of advertising on the World Wide Web, this form of online advertising needs of the ads embedded in Web pages, this is a website to attract traffic police to link to the advertiser website. The advantage of Banner Advertising methods is whether you are an established company or upcoming business entity, you will find that Internet banner advertising is the best way to promote your online businesses. Just like your magazine or newspaper ad to see the Internet banner ads can give you answer, you want from your target market. The ads found in square or rectangular box, which contains some text and pictures. Perhaps the main advantage of banner ads is that you will be able to target market from your response is almost instantaneous. When youre in the newspaper advertisement, readers might be interested in your proposal, but their curiosity, they may not always straight. These people will forget who the ads for some time, you will not get any of their responses. However, Internet banner advertising is different, because the reader will immediately take action to read your ad in their curiosity. In to see your online ad, viewers will click on your banner, and then it will tak e them to your site, you are selling your products and services. The Disadvantage of Banner Advertising is it will be anyone to see or read advertising payment guarantee. This is difficult to assess the effect of advertising, or measures, although can be installed on your website; you can display the source of website traffic, your sites software tools. Discussion as a manager When a cooperate use a banner advertising methods manager must make sure that attention of the title and topic involve in the advertisement to make searchers realize the advertisement is good enough to search. Discussion as a consumer The consumer will be attracted by the decoration or design of the advertisement and the advertisement must include the needs and expectation of consumer. The example of Banner Advertising Methods Popup Advertising Methods The definition of Popup Advertising Methods is a form of online advertising on the World Wide Web intended to attract web traffic or capture email addresses, it works when certain web sites open a new web browser window to display advertisements, the pop-up window containing an advertisement is usually generated by java script, but can be generated by other. The advantage of Popup Advertising Methods is block those program that are illegal to watch and prevent the computer get hack. Visitors can use the certain web sites for free with conditions apply. These programs are incredibly efficient most in the time and can fee advertisers a good deal of money if the ad just isnt reaching the intended target. It can bypass blocker system and can still provide the advertising to your display, whether visitors like it or not. The disadvantage of Popup advertising methods is however pop-up ads can do, in fact, more online users than to identify more harm than good may never resolve any association with the Company and are sources of irritation and inconvenience. Such advertising may also be responsible for the actions as a spasm. Discussion as a manager It is very irritating when the popup advertising appear, sometime even cannot close the popup advertisement. Discussion as a consumer The popup advertisement is very irritating, when doing work, something will popup and interrupt. The example of Popup Advertising Methods Google ads advertising Methods The definition of Google ads Advertising Methods is ad serving applications run by Google Inc, website owners can enroll in this program enable text, image, and video advertisement on their website. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. The advantage of Google ads Advertising Methods is it provide simple and easy to understand states, whether you own various website only one account is sufficient. The Google ad is very easy to join and with it is very simple to paste code into your web page or blog, there is no need to mess around with different code for various affiliate programs, and when you are using Google Ad sense you dont have to spend time find advertisers. The disadvantage of Google ads Advertising Method is if somebody make a click on the tag saying Ads by Google you wont get anything for giving free promotion to Google, the web having excessive advertising are currently being rejected. Other than that, the statistics of Google are easy to understand but sometimes are inadequate and far away from reality, with Google Ads you cant determine the payout rates of the advertisements. Furthermore, websites and blogs that desire to display Google Ads may not include other content targeted and text based ads on the pages displaying Ad words ads. A fatal disadvantage of Google Ads is that they dont say how much is Google Ads partners will receive, you are not able to make any estimation just receiving an unknown share of the revenue. Google Ads does not allow you to share your states with other person. Discussion of a manager It is convenient to do an advertisement on Google website and it will be seen by many people around the world, other than that the companys product or services will be purchase and ask by the consumers. Discussion as a consumer Too many advertisements had affected the focus when working, it should be improve. The example of Google Ads Advertising Methods is Facebook Ads Advertising Methods The definition of Facebook Ads Advertising Methods Facebook ads are a growing number of people online business advertising and Facebook is actually a real participation in paid advertising platform. Sign up for Facebook, the solid and the establishment of ad creative is what is in store for you in the balance of this article. The advantage of Facebook Ads Advertising Methods is reaching your target customers. Facebook is connecting with more than 500 million potential customers and we can choose our audience by location, age and interests. It is a test simple image and text-based ads and use what works. This can increase our relationship and build a community around your business. It also can control our budget like set the daily budget we are comfortable with, adjust our daily budget at anytime. The disadvantage of Facebook Ads Advertising Methods is you must direct to know each other or search from our friend only can know this people or product. Someone can block you to prevent see their profile without agreement. And also that someone will use hacking program to hack your account. The security system is not very strong. Discussion of a manager When company use this advertisement is a very dangerous to company and it will possible bring bad reputation to company, this is because sometimes is illegal action to commit extortion. Discussion as a consumer It had become a habit to online facebook, so the advertisement at facebook will be seen by many people. The example of Facebook Ads Advertising Methods Conclusion The current online are advertising methods applicable to e-commerce. We may conduct a research on the internet by using search engines or relevant references for example books, newspaper, magazines, etc. this can help to identify the latest advertising methods. Online advertising is popular to public and easy to research for those know to how use computer, but for those does not know how to use computer, they cant do research and does not know how to research by using computer. Online advertising is always using by business man because they feel that this advertising method can provide a very big range of news to the social and public. So when many and many of people know their product. The company will become popular for example, Sony, Samsung, Nokia and etc. they done their very good advertising in online advertising so that is the reason they become popular. The advantage of online advertising is very to use and have a good efficient. But it also have disadvantage when you try to find something on the online advertising, it does not get the answer or it reject the thing you search. In conclusion, online advertising can provide a big range advertising to public and popular and also easy to use for public. This is a very nice methods using online for advertising.

Erik Eriksons Developmental Theory Case Study

Erik Eriksons Developmental Theory Case Study Human Development This human development assignment will discuss an overview of Erik Erikson’s background, theory and his eight developmental stages. Then this assignment will briefly discuss Mr Paki’s developmental stage and his experience .e.g. physical, emotional, cultural and social. Later it will discuss the actions and the support to assist Mr Paki with his situation. Part (A) Erik Erikson was a psychologist who developed his psychosocial development theory in 1963. He was born in 1902 in Germany; his biological father abandoned him before he was born. Erik Erikson studied arts and many different languages and after he graduated he worked as a professor. Moreover, in 1930 he married Joan Serson who was an artist and dancer but later on she helped Erik with his psychosocial development theory. Erikson was influenced by Freud’s development theory but Erikson also believed that human develop throughout their life span. However, Freud believed that our personality formed after the age of five (Bradley, 2002). Erik Erickson developed eight stages of human development and he also believed that each person go through every stages throughout life span. In each stage, Erikson believed that, â€Å"people experience a  conflict  that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts are entered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure (Cherry, 2014.† The first stage is Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 1 year) in this stage an infant develops trust when a parent response to his/her needs. However, it can also lead to mistrust when a parent is not responding to them. Second stage is Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 4 years) in this stage, children are learning to gain self-confident. For example, toilet training, children are learning to control their body’s function which can lead to self-independence and control. But if children who are not completing this stage, they are most likely to lose their confident. Third stage is initiative versus guilt (4 to 8 years), in this stage children begin to show their power and control over the world through sports and other social interaction. If a parent started to demand too much discipline they induce extreme guilt (Berk, 2010, p.17). Fourth stage is industry versus inferiority (8 to 12 years) in this stage, children start to gain confident to work with their peers cooperatively but inferiority begins when a child is not receiving encouragement from their parents, teachers or students which can lead to failure in the future (Berk, 2010, p.17). Fifth stage is identity versus role confusion (12 to 20 years) in this stage, children are started to identify their role in the world. For example, children are trying to find a way to fit into the society by creating a strong identity with interacting with others and relationships. Moreover, confusion occurs when a child has conflicts about his/her role in society (Berk, 2010, p.17). Sixth stage is intimacy and solidarity versus isolation (20 to 30 years) in this stage, young people enters into intimacy relationships in which they let other people see their physical characteristics of their nature. But young adult may feel isolated when they unable to become closer to others (Berk, 2010, p.17). Seventh stage is generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation (30 to 60 years) in this stage; middle aged adults provide help to the next generation, take place in community work and help others. According to Erickson the idea of generativity is that middle age adult’s attempts to produce something that makes a difference to society, for instance. Some middle adults may feel stagnation if they are not able to take responsibilities (Berk, 2010, p.17). Eighth stage is integrity versus despair (60 years to death) in this stage, late adults or older adults reflect back at their accomplishments and life satisfaction. For example, People feel proud of their achievements when completing this phase with no or few regrets. But people who do not succeed in this stage, they will have many regrets and might that feel their life has been wasted (Berk, 2010, p.17). Part (B) According to Erik Erickson’s theory of development Mr Paki is experiencing eighth stage which is integrity versus despair (60 years to death) because he is 70 years old. Moreover Mr Paki is more likely to experiencing the physical, emotional, cultural and social changes in his life. Physical When people get to this age group(60 years to death) they are more likely to experiencing respiratory system problems and Mr Paki is 70 years old and he has a history of Emphysema and it could be because of smoking or ageism. He also has fractured his right his and his movements are very limited. Barbeler (2013) mentioned that in this age, â€Å"their joints become less elastic and flexible with the loss and calcification of cartilage. The loss of bone density particularly affects long bones and vertebrae. The curve of the lower back changes resulting in a change to the centre of gravity.† (p. 233) Emotional In this stage older adults becomes more selective about whom they choose to spend their time with. In Mr Paki’s situation, he has lost his confidence and ability to cope with activities because of his fractured hip but his whanau visit him regularly and give him the support he need. Moreover he could be concerned and depressed about his wife who is dealing with early dementia. Cultural Ethnicity and linguistic diversity are can often create problems in one’s culture. A person with a diverse cultural background who is ageing in a different environment can face with many challenges (Barbeler, 2013). According to the scenario Mr Paki is Maori and he is been sent to rehabilitation, lack of cultural interaction and communication problems can lead to isolation and feelings of alienation. Social Mr Paki has limited movements because of his fractured right hip and he has lost his daily activity moments because of this Mr Paki is likely to be experiencing loss of confidence in his ability. He might be feeling lonely because there is no interaction between with his friends or community. He might be experiencing depression because in his age group, this is a serious condition and it can be linked with a loss of independent function, cognitive impairment, poor response to rehabilitation and diminished recovery. Older patients face many challenges as they go through the last stage of Erik Erikson’s theory which could be because of their retirement, changes in health status or relationships with friends and family. A nurse should always listen to their patients instead of making assumptions about what patient’s value or what they aim for in their life (Barbeler, 2013). According to the scenario a nurse will put in place actions and support to under physical, emotional, cultural and social to assist Mr Paki. Physical To assist Mr Paki with his physical condition, as he has fractured his right hip, he has limited movement and Mr Paki had lost his confident to cope with activities of daily living (ADL’s) References Bradley, M.E. (2002). Psyography: Erik Erikson. Retrieved from: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/psyography/eriker ikon.html Barbeler, C. (2013). Older adulthood. In Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K., Hughson, J. (2013). Tabbner’s Nursing Care: Theory and Practice. (pp 230-248). China: Libby Houston. Cherry, K. (2014). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development: Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood. Retrieved from: http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocial theories/a/psychosocial.htm

How Shelley and Fowles Present the Socially Excluded Essay -- Frankens

How Shelley and Fowles Present the Socially Excluded Men are numbered among beasts who renounce society, whereby they are destitute of laws and the ordination of civility. Hence this ensures that men, in creation are best, but when averse to justice and the law, are the worst of all creatures. (p.36 intro The Tempest by William Shakespeare, edited by Frank Kermode 1961) For the purpose of this essay, I shall focus my comparison on Victor and Clegg and analyse the language they use. I will also explore the form and structure used and give a personal response which will include some commentary about the novels in terms of their social/historical and literary contexts. People's behaviour in social roles makes possible the life of a society and its members. Social roles are learned from culture, which defines how they should be performed. They are not instinctive. However, people learn many roles during childhood by observing their parents and other adults. But on the other hand problems may result if the demands of one role interfere with those of another. This situation is called role conflict. Victor and Clegg are excluded by society primarily because they have transgressed society's boundaries, that is to say, Victor plays God and creates "a new species which would bless him as its creator" p.52 ; his male monster is built from old body parts and strange chemicals because he is determined to learn about "the secrets of heaven and hell"p.37. Ironically, Victor creates a "hideous wretch" p.73 which is "an outcast in the world forever" p.129. However, this "filthy daemon" p.73 is initially gentle and has a kind, baby-like nature, just like normal humans. Paradoxically, the monster is actually ... ...is a creation abandoned and shunned by society and Victor his creator. Therefore Shelley's use of letters enables the narrative to shift from one character to another while remaining within the conventions of the standard novel. Letters are also used to good effect as a means of social interaction because characters are frequently out of immediate contact with one another. Walton never encounters his sister in the novel; his relationship with her is based wholly on the use of letters. The same goes for Victor as he often isolates himself from his loved ones but he does receive letters from Alphonse and Elizabeth and this marks attempts to connect with him. Again, the monster uses written communication in order to develop a relationship with Victor when, at the end of the novel, he leads him northward by means of notes on the trees and rocks he passes.

Preventing Bacteria from Creating Resistance to Drugs Essay -- Explora

Preventing Bacteria from Creating Resistance to Drugs In 1943, the antibiotic era began when penicillin, a member of the [beta]-lacam family of drugs, was developed. Since then, tens of thousands of derivatives of penicillin have been developed, but only seventeen antibiotics of this family are currently marketed in the United States. Penicillin and its derivatives work by preventing certain bacteria from building strong cell walls that keep their shape and integrity. Without well-integrated cell walls, "bacterial trying to grow in the presence of penicillin puff up and die."1 Almost all bacterial diseases have evolved some level of resistance. The "increased use of antimicrobial drugs encourages the spread of resistance and increases the prevalence of drug-resistant strains."2 In fact, most virulent strains, like many sexually transmitted diseases, require at least double the dosage that was used a decade ago. Vancomycin, commonly referred to as the "last resort drug," is being used by hospitals in ever-increasing amounts. Bacterial resistance is the result of evolutionary responses. One cause of resistance is through mutation. In some instances, proteins used to build the cell are altered to bind penicillin poorly or not at all. A second type of resistance occurs when the bacteria preemptively breaks down penicillin into harmless by-products before they have the chance to bind with the cell wall. A greater cause for concern is the fact that "bacteria may reproduce with different bacterial species passing on resistance" to bacteria that did not previously possess the ability to resist any drugs.3 Humans are the predominant cause for drug resistance. The following are some examples of how human intervention has res... ...3. Palumbi. Pg. 81. 4. "Meanwhile, Back at the Farm" in Infectious Disease Alert. Nov. 1, 2001. vol. 21 i. 3 Pg. 17. 5. Palumbi. Pg. 89. 6. Palumbi. Reproduced from Table 4.1 on Pg. 75. 7. Skolnic, Andrew. "New Insight Into How Bacteria Develop Antibiotic Resistance" in The Journal of the American Medical Association. Jan. 2, 1991. vol. 265 n. 1. Pg. 14. 8. For further reading consult: Skurkovich, Simon. "Facing the Coming Plague" in World and I. June 1998. vol. 13 n. 6. Pg. 150. FURTHER READING & USEFUL LINKS 1. This presentation was intended to be associated with the following article: Eckert, Eric. "Diseased Soieties" in World and I. Oct. 1998. vol. 13 n. 10. Pg. 166. 2. Lappe, Marc. Breakout: The Evolving Threat of Drug-Resistant Disease. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1995. 3. "How Bacteria Build Resistance to Antibiotics" presented by USA Today

Why Do People Migrate :: Migration Moving Immigation Globalization Essays

Looking up in the sky from Tempe Town Lake, there is a steady stream of airplanes on their final approach into Sky Harbor Airport. Nothing stops the forward progression of these metal birds and just as the sun disintegrates over the horizon, the crafts disappear turning into a string of lights. The same effect happens to the valley roads, painted with a multicolor of automobiles, constantly on the move and turning into red and white blurred dots after sunset. People on the move, coming and going to unknown destinations, prompting the question what kind of migrations are involved with one person to the next? Are they transmigrating, immigrating or emigrating, the ever twisting tie of migrating bows, so what is the driving force behind daily migration? Another questioned raised by such activities would be why exactly are so many people continuously moving from one area to another? To answer some of these inquiries it would be important to understand the need for T.I.E.†™s in cultures and the money hungry corporations and countries, representing the tuxedo, that inflicted colonialism and assimilation towards many peoples ways of living. For an economy built on reciprocity or gift society, before the influence of western ideas there really is no monumental value of the all mighty dollar. The key word, however, comes with the introduction of western influences. Money begins to take over the simple idea of having a precious commodity to be traded with a neighbor who has something that can complete a basic need. Within the Tongan society there was the breakdown in reciprocity when it came to land issues and other shared items within the community. This eventually forced some people to transmigrate and immigrate to other countries to find ways to secure peaceful retirements. These seekers of another way of life may have started a minor assimilation of the Tongan culture when salaries were generated from their travels and sent back to their economy. The situation presented by the Tongan’s was developed more by their own current problems with population growth. However, this is not as drastic as the underdevel opment of third world countries, such as, Mexico forcing migration or the influences of the Colonial Mind in Africa. Unlike the Tongans, who freely chose to live in a different country, there are other civilizations that are forced to migrate for their own survival.

Clean Well Lighted Place

â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† is written by Ernest Hemingway. The subject of this story is life as nothingness. The story starts off with an old deaf man sitting alone in a caf ©. There are two waiters who watch and wait on the old man because he has a tendency to drink too much and if this happens they know he will walk out and not pay. The waiter talks about how the old man tried to kill himself because he was in despair; the other waiter asks why he felt despair and the first waiter said the reason was nothing because the old man has a lot of money.The old man is a very nteresting character; we know he once had a wife, but now is alone with his niece. This story portrays the cycle of life and how surroundings can affect our emotional state. In this story there aren't a lot of details that pop out at the readers. The readers have to read the story over and over again to finally understand it. As the text is read, the old man get s drunk at night at the caf © and likes drinking there because it's clean and well lighted.The younger waiter tells the old man that there are bars open this late, but the old man likes the caf © because bars are completely opposite of what he ikes. The caf © is well lighted, clean and quiet; bars are loud, dark and dirty which is something the old man doesn't want to be around. In the caf © there are two waiters that are working; one is older and the other is younger. When reading the story the readers can get an idea of the waiters' age Just by the dialect. The younger waiter wants the old man to go home so he can go home to his wife.The older waiter tries to explain to the younger waiter that that old man was once married once, maybe even had a family at one point of time in his life, but now all he has is his niece. His niece saved the old man's life when he tried to kill himself; she cut down the rope when he tried to hang himself. They don't know why he would kill hims elf, he had plenty of money. The waiters talked about how he tried to commit suicide and how he did it because he was in despair. The older waiter asked why and the younger waiter said â€Å"nothing†.They were waiting to close up the caf ©, but the old man was still there; yes he was deaf and drunk but he was very quiet and didn't make much noise. The old man asked for another drink and the young waiter gives him the drink and says the old man, mfou should have killed ourself last week. † (Hemmingway 143). The older waiter tries to explain to the younger waiter that old age is a terrible thing, that one day he will be there and he doesn't know how he will be or how he will act when he is an old man. The old man waved for another drink but the young waiter refused; the old man paid and left the caf ©.The younger waiter is impatient and insensitive as some would like to argue. He's excited to go home to his wife, and wants to leave because unlike the old man he isn't lonely. The text show that the younger waiter says immature comments about the old an because he wants to go home, but he doesn't think about the old man, he only thinks about himselt. The younger waiter doesn't think like the old man, old man thinks about many thinks very deeply, yet the younger waiter doesn't think about anyone, but what the younger waiter doesn't seem to realize is that he won't be young forever.In a way he is Just like the younger people in our society now: carefree, young and reckless. As readers can argue young individuals have their whole life ahead of them, so youngsters should be carefree in a way. The older aiter likes to stay late at the caf © Just like the old man and he tries to explain to the younger waiter that the old man likes to stay up because he likes it; the younger waiter Just ignores it and says that he is lonely.The older waiter knows how the old man is because they are both in a way reluctant to go home. The older waiter can relate to the old man because of their age similarity, besides, he walks out without paying. The reason he sides with the old man is because maybe one day he will need someone to keep a caf © open late Just for him. The old man likes staying out late ecause he has nothing to go home to, he says he has insomnia and that many people have that.As readers can argue the older waiter probably tells himself that so he really doesn't seem alone because older people who have nothing to go home to try to occupy their mind so they don't wither away in their own depression. Some would also argue Hemingway contrasts light and shadow, maybe the contrast between young and old; impatient and relaxed; family guy and no family guy. Since the old man is deaf, some readers could say it's a way to distance himself from everyone, like a symbol of separation form the world because he is older.

Can society fully control individuals?

Although participation sets a myriad of rules and regulations that ostensibly circumscribes your proceedingions, it is our choice whether or not to conform to these rules. Convincing examples to demonstrates this founds atomic number 18 found in A madams House by Henrik Ibsen, To stamp out a Mockingbird by harper Lee and Galileos choices of defying norms in the guinea pig of science.Noras decision to leave Torvald and set about her independence in the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen explicitly demonstrates that, regardless of what society dictates, choices are always prove ot the individual. Nora was one of many women who suffered from the male success during the Victorian Era. Her husband, Torvald, would call her demeaning call such(prenominal) as squirrel and pet and expects her to result every command because society dictates that she should. However, Nora defied her well-disposed norms and left Torvald to achieve her independence an act considered to be unthinkab le at the time. then demonstrates that decisions are contingent upon individuals, not society. some former(a) example which shows that our choices area solely placed by ourselves is that of Atticus and his decision to endure a black man, tom turkey Robinson, in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, who lives in a town inhabited by a racist, sportsmanlike community, decided to do what he thinks is well(p)fulness and defended a black man named Tom Robinson, who was spurious accused of raping a unobjectionable girl. Despite Atticuss sentience of the vicious calumny that he testament be subjected to by society, he save made the decision which he considered is right and defended Tom Robinson. This further shows that decision are purely based on the individual.In addition, the fact that decisions of the individual can neer be fully controlled by society is shown in the field of science, particularly through and through Galileos choice of having a Copernican view on th e universe. Galileo was a scientist who, afterwards adequate research into the field, maintained that, blow to what the church and Aristotle believed, the sun is in the cracker of the universe. At the time, society strongly believed that the priming coat is the center of the universe and considered every other scientist who said otherwise to be mock religion and thus deserving punishment. Because of his theory, Galileo was convicted of heterodoxy and consequently sentence to home imprisonment. Surely, it was Galileos decision to voice his theory which, quite a interestingly, happened to be correct all alongThe aforementioned examples are just ternion a vast number of raft who decided to go against society wishes. If anything, these commonwealth exemplify the human nature of exploring the unknown, of thought process critical outside the box and of quest dreams regardless of the perils and obstacles on the way, these are the people who make progress possible without such individuals, society would be a order of robots that operate based on norms and that would neer be able to think, speak or act out anything that does not mate this norm. Quite simply, it is these people that turn the oppressed and illuminated the path of knowledge.